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Monastic sign languages have been used in Europe from at least the 10th century by Christian monks, and some, such as Cistercian and Trappist sign, are still in use today—not only in Europe but also in Japan, China and the USA.〔 *Benedictine : *Cistercian : Barakat, Robert. (1975). ''Cistercian sign language: A study in non-verbal communication.'' Cistercian Studies Series, 7. Kalamazoo, Michigan: Cistercian Publications. ISBN 0-87907-811-1 *Trappist : Quay, Suzanne. (2001). ''Signs of Silence: Two Examples of Trappist Sign Language in the Far East''. Cîteaux: Commentarii cistercienses, Vol. 52 (3-4), pp. 211-230〕 Unlike deaf sign languages, they are better understood as forms of symbolic gestural communication rather than languages, and some writers have preferred to describe them as sign lexicons.〔Barley, Nigel F. (1974). ''Two Anglo-Saxon sign systems compared.'' Semiotica, 12, 227–237. (see pp. 234–35 on this point).〕 ==Uses== The purposes for which these sign lexicons were used were varied. Travelling Franciscan monks used finger alphabets, possibly as memory aids for preaching, and in Benedictine monasteries, signs representing words were used for limited communication when silence was required. Rather than the popularly imagined total "Vows of Silence," the Rule of St. Benedict actually dictates that conversation is only not allowed in certain areas of the monastery and during certain hours of the day. It was only much later, in the 17th century, that certain Cistercian and Trappist orders came to see absolute silence as a penance to endure along with the other deprivations of their austere lives.〔Bragg, Lois (1997). ''Visual-Kinetic Communication in Europe Before 1600: A Survey of Sign Lexicons and Finger Alphabets Prior to the Rise of Deaf Education'' Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education 2:1 Winter 1997〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Monastic sign languages」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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